What are the causes of hyperprolactinemia?

Physiological Dawn Exercise lactation Pregnancy Sleep Stress Pathological Hypothalamic-pituitary stem damage Granulomas Infiltrations Radiotherapy Rathke cleft cyst Trauma (Stem incision, suprasellar surgery) Tumors (Craniopharyngioma, germinoma, hypothalamic metastasis, meningioma, suprasellar growing mass) Pituitary causes Acromegaly Idiopatic Lymphocytic hypophysitis or parasellar mass Macroprolactinemia** Nonfunctioning macroadenoma Multiple hormone-secreting adenoma Prolactinoma Surgical Trauma Systemic diseases Neurogenic chest wall trauma, surgery, shingles hypothyroidism Chronic renal failure Cirrhosis Cranial irradiation Epilepsy Polycystic ovary syndrome False pregnancy pharmacological Anesthetics Anticonvulsants Antidepressants Antihistamines Antihypertensives Cholinergic agonists Dopamine receptor blockers Dopamine synthesis inhibitors Estrogen-containing preparations Neuroleptics, antipsychotics Opiate and opiate antagonists Prof. Dr. Ayşe ÇARLIOĞLU Internal Medicine - Internal Medicine, Endocrinology and Metabolism Diseases